Direct And Indirect Speech

Direction And Indirect Speech ( Narration)

                      ( Grammar)

This Blog is prepared to help the students of all boards . It helps them to be strong in grammar section not only in students life but also in making their career. This topic also helpful in competitive exams.

Like other topics of grammar Narration is also the basic and important thing to understand. This gives the basic knowledge  to the students.This blog is in very simple language with the mean of Direct and Indirect, Changes in tenses, Changes in adverb and the changes of different types if sentence as Simple, Question,Imperative Optative and Exclamatory. Students will easily change the sentence.

              Direct And  Indirect

He said , " It is raining today ." ( Direct)

 He said that it was raining that day. ( indirect)

Direct speech - Reporting the  message  of the speaker in the exact words as spoken by him.

Ex - Soham said," I go for a walk everyday."

Indirect Speech - Reporting the message of the speaker in our own words.

Ex -   Soham said that he went for a walk everyday.

Reporting Verb and Reported Speech

He says ,"   I am clever ," 

 ( R.V )                   ( R.S)

Reporting          Reported

 Verb                     Speech

1 -👉When R.V is in present Tense -  In direct speech if R.V ( reporting verb) is in present tense( says) then the tense of R.S(  reporting speech)   doesn't change.Only pronouns are changed.That conjunction is used to joint the sentence.

Ex - He says," I am clever."

   He says that he is clever.

👉 am and is ( present tense)

2 - Universal Truth.....

If R.S relates to some universal truth, the Present Simple  in the reported speech remains unchanged.

Direct - He said ," The Earth moves round the Sun."

Indirect - He said that the Earth moves round the Sun.

CHANGES IN TENSE

DIRECT                               INDIRECT

SPEECH                              SPEECH

1- Present Simple -     Past Simple

Ex - He said," My brother writes a letter everyday."

Ans - He said that his brother wrote a letter everyday.

2- Present Continuous -Past Continuous

Ex - Ram said," I am going for a walk now."

Ans - Ram said that he was going for a walk then.

3- Present Perfect - Past Perfect

Ex - Ram said," I have finished my dinner."

Ans - Ram said that he had finished his dinner.

4 - Present Perfect Continuous -  Past Perfect Continues

Ex - He said," I have been walking since morning."

Ans -  He said that he had been walking since morning.

Note  - All tense of Present Tense change directly to Past Tense.

CHANGES IN PAST TENSE

1 - Past Simple  - Past Perfect

Ex - He said, " I went for a walk."

Ans - He said that he had gone for a walk.

2 - Past Continuous changes into Past Perfect Continues.

CHANGES IN FUTURE

1 - Figure Simple Condition Change

As - Shall - Should

        Will -  Would   + 1 st form of Verb

Ex - 

Direct - He said, " I shall go for a walk tomorrow."

Indirect - He said that he would go for a walk the following day/ The next day.

2 - Future Perfect Conditional Perfect

 Ex -  

 Direct - He said," I shall have walked ten kilometers by noon."

Indirect - He said that he would have  walked ten kilometers by noon.

CHANGES IN PRONOUNS

 1 - First Person Pronoun  Changes according to the Subject of the reporting Verb.

👉Almost changes in 3re person

As - Direct,- I, You,My, We, Us, Your 

      Indirect -  He, She,  They,  Their, His,Her

Ex - She said," I like the nook."

  She said that she liked the book.

2- The Pronoun of Second Person ( You, Your, Yourself) change according to the Object of the reporting  speech.

Ex - She said to Reena," You are a  good  girl." 

    She told Reena that She was a good girl.

CHANGES IN  WORDS EXPRESSING NEARNESS, TIME, AUXILIARIES etc.👇🏿

      Direct                      Indirect

      This.                        That

     Now                        then

     Here.                      there      

     Today.                    that day

     Tomorrow.             the next day

     Yesterday              the previous day

     Last Night             the previous night

     Ago                        before

     Come                     go

     Can                        could

     May                        might

KINDS OF SENTENCES👇🏿

                                      

                       Statements

                       Questions

                      Commands and Request

                      Exclamation and Wishes

STATEMENTS 👉

                      

Note - 1 -  If any object is given in R.V then

                 Said to changes into  told, replied and remarked.

2 -   If object is not given in R.V then said remain said.

3 - The inverted commas are removed.

4 - Conjunction That is used to connect        R.V and R.S.

Ex  1- Rahul said ," I am writing a story."

 Ans-   Rahul said that he was writing a story.

Ex  2- You said to me ," I cannot grant you this favour."

Ans -  You told me that you could not grant  me that favour.

QUESTIONS 👉  

                        Two kinds of interrogative    sentences

      1- Start with Helping Verb

      ( is, are, am, was, were,do,did, has, have  etc)

      2 - Start with WH words

       ( When,  what, why, where, who,whom etc)

Ex - I said to him," Are you happy?"

       I asked him if he was happy.

Note 👉 

   1 - In interrogative sentences R.V is changed into asked or inquired.

2 - Interrogative sentences converted into simple statement by placing the subject before the verb and full stop(.) Is put at the end of the sentence.

3 - If or whether is used to join the sentence.

Formula  -  asked + if  or whether + sub + verb + object or further statement.

3  - If R.S is starting with wh word  then WH  word works as conjunction to join R.V and R.S.

Formula -  asked +WH word + Sub + HV + M.V + left part of sentence.

4 - Question mark (?) is changed into full stop(.)

Ex  1 - Rahul said to me ," Will you listen to me ?"

   Rahul asked me if I would listen to him.

Ex 2 - I said to My sister," Did you enjoy the movie?"

   I asked my sister if she had enjoyed the movie.

WH Words -

1 - Karna said to me ," Where are you staying?"

  Karan asked me where I was staying.

2 - I said to him," When will you go there?"

   I asked him when he would go there.

          IMPERATIVE SENTENCES

COMMAND AND REQUEST👇🏿

1 -  R.V is changed into Requested, Ordered, Commanded, allowed etc.

2 - To is put before the verb to join the R.V and R.S.

3 - In negative sentence  Do not is changed into not to.

Ex 1 - The captain said ," Punish the culprit."

     The captain ordered  to punish the culprit.

2 -  Servant said to the Land Lord," Please, give me some money."

 Servant requested the Land Lord to give him some money.

3 -Police said to them, " Do not smoke here."

Police ordered them not to smoke there.

        EXCLAMATORY AND WISHES

The cricket team said," Hurrah ! We have won the match."

The Cricket team exclaimed with joy that they had won the match.

Note 👉

1 In Exclamatory sentences the R.V is changed Into Exclaimed with joy, Exclaimed with sorrow, with delight etc

2 - The Interjection and Exclamation such as oh, well, hurrah, alas, bravo, etc are omitted and their sense is expressed by means of phrase.

Ex - She said, " What a lovely dress!"

     She remarked that it was a lovely dress.

          Direct - The use of Let

Ex - He said," Let us walk fast."

   He proposed that they should walk fast.

Ex - Mother said to the maid servant," Let the boy come in".

Mother ordered the maid servant to let the boy come in.